World Health Day free essay sample

We can't accomplish natural security and human improvement without tending to the essential wellbeing issues† said Gro Brundtland. World Health Day is praised on 7 April to check the commemoration of the establishing of The World Health Organization (WHO), which is a specific office of the United Nations (UN) that is worried about internationalâ public wellbeing. Every year, the Organization chooses a key medical problem, and supports individuals from all ages and all foundations to hold occasions that feature a need region of general wellbeing worry on the planet. The topic during the current year is High pulse. Hypertension expands the danger of respiratory failures, strokes and kidney disappointment. One of every three grown-ups has hypertension in South-East Asia Region. About 1. 5 million individuals kick the bucket because of hypertension consistently making it a main hazard factor for mortality in the Region. Hypertension is preventable, and can be countered by decreasing salt admission, eating a fair eating routine with customary physical action, staying away from the hurtful utilization of liquor and tobacco AND keeping up a sound body weight. We will compose a custom article test on World Health Day or on the other hand any comparable subject explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page All in all, Yes; there are numerous issues and there are disturbing measurements, however what would we be able to do, what can we as a whole yadavindrians can do..?! We can change this. We are the people to come. WE ARE changing the current age. We can instruct others of how to secure themselves and remain sound both intellectually and truly. It isn't just about close to home wellbeing yet additionally the strength of our networks and our social orders; and consequently, through training you can give the devices to ensure others. Recall â€Å"No activity today †No fix tomorrow! † So on seventh April †on World Health Day †give yourself an extraordinary blessing. Stop for a second and approach what you can accomplish for the network to make wellbeing and health a reality for them. Consider what you can do to keep yourself, your family and the network protected, solid and well.

New York City free essay sample

New York City is unquestionably a spot that is continually going. It is without a doubt a spot that is continually heading off to some place. Somewhere close to brilliant lights and city boulevards. City roads that are constantly packed and loaded with individuals and taxis that are potentially continually going. Possibly never not going, potentially persistent all through time everlasting. New York City is potentially persistent all through time everlasting, New York City is conceivably never halting yet consistently is ceaselessly going in surges of individuals, in bulb lights that will never be going out. New York City is surely a spot that is continually coming. Continually coming up, up, up into high rises growing starting from the earliest stage beanstalks. Getting through the concrete soil, coming towards the sky. Meeting up in a metal skeleton, falling apart in split walkways. New York City is unquestionably most continually going as individuals are coming, as individuals are going back and forth, as dreams are going back and forth out like firecrackers over the Hudson River on July fourth. We will compose a custom exposition test on New York City or on the other hand any comparative theme explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page Arriving in a brilliant blaze of light, exiting with an extravagant flair. New York City is remaining. New York City is remaining like a scar on the skin, remaining like a tattoo inked, recolored always and never blurring. As taxis are coming and individuals are going, the city is remaining. It’s remaining in the Plaza Hotel. It’s remaining inside when downpour splashes the solid, when the snow travels every which way through Central Park. It’s remaining lit up for explorers from outside terrains, remaining an image of expectation and dreams. A reference point of home, a signal of solid convictions, a guide of probability. New York City is remaining splendid lights over the cove as individuals are coming, remaining brilliant lights that are rarely going out. New York City is emphatically continually dreaming. It is absolutely a city that never dozes, a city that has figured out how to dream with it’s eyes open. Longing for the brilliant lights on Broadway that are rarely going out, longing for individuals going back and forth. Individuals are coming and dreaming and going for their fantasies and staying when their fantasies work out as expected. Individuals are coming and dreaming and going when their fantasies don't. The city is longing for over a significant time span and future, all crashing into a blend made of concrete and black-top. Dreams are going back and forth as individuals are overlooking and changing, as the city is overlooking and evolving. The city that is rarely not conscious, never not coming, never not going, continually staying, and continually dreaming. New York City is emphatically quite often evolving. Continually changing as individuals are coming. Continually changing as individuals are coming and dreaming, as the city is dreaming as the fantasies are evolving. The city is continually changing, continually expanding on itself, continually making. Changes are staying, changes are going, changes are coming. Changes are shaping the city, changing the steel casing to something pliant. The city is continually changing and the progressions are remaining as individuals are traveling every which way and bringing dreams and abandoning them, as the city is lit up over the inlet, as the city is coming and staying and dreaming and changing under lights that are rarely going out.

Training during Pregnancy

Training during Pregnancy Exercise and Training during Pregnancy Home›Research Posts›Exercise and Training during Pregnancy Research PostsIntroductionHistorically, there were various socio-cultural reasons to encourage reduction of exercise for pregnant women. Such cultural reasons seek to reduce physical activity and working by pregnant women. There were believes that such the involvement of women in exercises and work could result into early pregnancy loss, or reduced placental circulation. Women were thus advised to reduce their involvement in activities such as jogging or cycling and to limit their heart rate.However, much change has been witnessed both in the attitude and guidelines on exercise during pregnancy. While the knowledge on exercise physiology is still incomplete, much research has been done on the benefits and risks of exercising during pregnancy. As a result this has come with much specific guidelines on which its success lies. Currently, most authors have thus agreed that the need for exercise by pregnant women can never be neglected.Barakat, R., Starling, R., Lucia, A. (2008). Does exercise training during pregnancy affect gestation age? A randomized controlled trial. An international peer reviewed journal of sports and exercise medicine. Vol. 42, 8, p 674-678.In their study, the scholars noted the controversy that exists over the association between the physical exercise and safety in pregnancy. Their study was aimed at determining the possible cause-effect relationship between regular exercise during the second and third trimester of pregnancy by previously sedentary, healthy gestation age at the moment of delivery (Barakat et al 2008 p. 674).In their methodology, they used the women with singleton gestation for both the research and control experiment. They found out that there were no significant differences between the two categories to have a potential influence on the gestation period (Barakat et al 2008, p. 675). Women were separated using such factors as age, number of hours they could stand standing. They concluded that, previously sedentary healthy woman with single gestation could safely engage in moderate, supervised exercise programs until the end of gestation because it has no effect on the gestation age (Barakat et al 2008, p. 378).Hugo discusses both the benefits of body sculpting training during pregnancy and rules of safety. His work was based on the findings of the past researches that suggest that there is much benefits both to the mother and the and to the future of the new born (Rivera Hugo, 2011, P. 1). He is therefore for the opinion that the adjustment of exercise during pregnancy is vital. However, he warns that the major goal of such exercise should be to maintain ones initial level of fitness and not to improve (Rivera Hugo, 2011, P. 1).He identified several advantages of exercise during pregnancy. These include fastening of the process of recovery after delivery, increase in the sense of well being and self e steem both during and after pregnancy (Rivera Hugo, 2011, P. 1). Exercise also increases the size of the placenta which results into an increase nutrient base for the baby. It also decreases the risk of excessive gaining of weight by reducing the amount of fat storage. Exercise reduces the chances of the occurrence of the lower back pain and boosts the mother’s energy level. Exercise also prepares the body for labor and delivery processes (Rivera Hugo, 2011, P. 1).Hugo noted that the amount of exercise that a specific mother involves herself in should be directly related to how active the mother was before pregnancy (Rivera Hugo, 2011, P. 2). A mother who was never used to exercising should therefore not involve herself intense physical activities such as weight training programs. According to him this may cause stress which would be very dangerous to the mother and the body (Rivera Hugo, 2011, P. 1).He therefore recommended that one who is exercising for the first time should onl y spend duration of between 20 and 30 minutes. She should begin with simple activities such as walking at her normal pace. Walking provides one of the normal and safest forms of exercise and will help the mother not to loose her body balance (Rivera Hugo, 2011, P. 1). This prevents the mother from falling which can be fatal for both the mother and the baby. A beginner should thus avoid vigorous activities such as a dance and kickboxing. According to him, the mothers heart beat rate should not exceed 140 beats per unit during pregnancy. The mother should therefore walk at the normal pace (Rivera Hugo, 2011, P. 1).Hugo also noted that the body temperature of the mother should never exceed 38 degrees Celsius. To ensure such a low temperature, one can besides walking at a normal pace ensure that he chose a place that is neither hot nor humid(Rivera Hugo, 2011, P. 2). One can therefore walk in the morning hours or late in the afternoon. The clothing should also be carefully chosen to avo id warm clothing. It is also advisable to use the non motorized model where the mother is the one to set the pace.Paiger in his contribution noted that exercise is necessary to boost the mother’s mood and give more energy to her while giving the baby a healthy life. He stressed the need for the consultation of a doctor to clear her for any kind of exercise (Waehner Paige, 2010, p. 1). He noted that each woman’s situation should be treated as unique. According to the American Congress of Obstetricians and Gynecologists the beginners should take 30 minutes of moderate exercise most days of the week. According to him, women would also have an upper hand if they choose activities that they enjoy (Waehner Paige. 2010, p. 1).He added to Hugo’s option of walking, other activities such as swimming, cycling and aerobics as necessary during pregnancy. Swimming enables the mother to get a total body workout while being supported by the water. Cycling while ensuring she maintains the bala nce. One can use a stationery bike or recumbent bike. Aerobics can be in the form of water aerobics or low-impact cardio classes (Waehner Paige. 2010, p. 1). He also advices that in whatever activity one chooses, it is important for them to first warm up with an easy pace for at least 5 minutes then work at a moderate pace for a few convenient minutes. The time can then gradually be increased. He noted that a break from exercise is necessary whenever a pregnant mother experiences sickness, exhaustion or achy (Waehner Paige. 2010, p. 1). During such moments the mother should resort to what feels right for her body.Contributing on strength training, he stressed that a lighter weight is necessary. According to him, mothers should also carefully monitor their form to adapt to the changes in their centre of gravity. He also recommended that during the second trimester the mother should avoid supine positions like bench presses or crunches. She should instead employ more use of easily con trolled machine (Waehner Paige. 2010, p. 1).She wrote about Prenatal Health Safety. She noted the need for women to consult with the doctor before beginning any exercise and incases of signs of any health complication. Such condition include respiratory condition, diabetes, hypertension, history of premature labor and incase the mother has any physical impairment (Eden Elizabeth, 2006, p. 1).She discussed appropriate clothing for pregnant women. She recommended loose-fittings during the excise. The materials chosen should be able to keep away moisture to enable the mother to remain dry and cool (Eden Elizabeth, 2006, p. 1). Mothers should also wear a good support bra which maximizes comfort and minimizes bouncing during the exercise. A part from bra, pregnant women should wear appropriate shoes. The shoes should be able to provide the mother with the necessary arch supports, heel cushioning and appropriate lateral support (Eden Elizabeth, 2006, p. 1).Eden also gave contribution on h ow to make exercise safe and effective for the mother. She noted that each woman should strive to know when they are either under-working or over- working their heart (Eden Elizabeth, 2006, p. 1). According to her, all these situations should be avoided. Under working of the heart denies a woman an ability to build endurance while overworking it may lead to dizziness, nausea or even fainting (Eden Elizabeth, 2006, p. 1). Commenting on the nutrition requirements, Eden advised that during pregnancy there diet should be rich in carbohydrates. The mother should also take much fluid before during and after the exercise (Eden Elizabeth, 2006, p. 1).Directions for future researchBarakat and her colleagues revealed the controversy that has arisen on the amount of physical exercise that is necessary during the second trimester of the pregnancy. Some scholars are opposed to activities that require prolonged standing and carrying of heavy loads. They say that such activities might result in to preterm delivery or low birth weight. They in turn propose more sedentary activities like office staff (Barakat et al, 2008 p. 674). Most scholars are still of the opinion that the physical activity during pregnancy is beneficial to both the mother and the fetus to prevent maternal disorders such as hypertension.They however note that the effect of physical exercise during the entire period of pregnancy and its outcome is a long and complicated issue which still requires more research. Lucia remarked that studies on large population samples have failed to show any link between physical activity during pregnancy and the pregnancy outcome. This was especially after her study of the possibility of a linkage between gestation ages, risk of preterm delivery, intrauterine growth (Barakat et al, 2008 p. 674).Another issue for more research is whether there should really be standard recommended exercise duration during pregnancy. Some scholars have argued that the duration of the exercise session should be determined by the daily feeling by each mother (Sorace Paul, 2020). The proponents of this argument have noted that during the first trimester fatigue is very common with the beginning of the formation of the baby’s form. They recommended a reduction in exercise activities at this stage of pregnancy. With the energy levels said to be different with each trimester, more research needs to be done on the recommended level of exercise at each stage (Sorace Paul, 2020).Practical implications of the researchPractically, every mother has a role to understand the need to exercise in order to maintain both her health and fitness. The mother’s actions during pregnancy can therefore result into much benefits or bring her complications. The first issue that calls for action is that of weight before, during and after pregnancy. Excess weight gain and failure to loose it six months postpartum are indicators of long term obesity. This may result from lack of enough exercise d uring the pregnancy period (Sorace Paul, 2020, p.1).The second issue concerns the risks that accompany exercise. This requires that a woman seeks an approval from a physician before starting an exercise program (Sorace Paul, 2020, p. 1). The risks that require the intervention of the physician include; low blood pressure (hypoglycemia), fatigue, and muscoskeletal injuries. Other forms of risk may be hyperthermia and decrease in flow of blood into the uterus which put the baby at risk. Any of this signs therefore requires the mother to stop exercising and follow the recommended guidelines for exercise mode, frequency, intensity and duration (Sorace Paul, 2020, p. 1).Other exercise warning signs during pregnancy include; vaginal bleeding, dizziness, headache, chest pain, muscle weakness, swellings, preterm labor, decreased fetal movement. Others are shortness of breath prior to the exercise and the leakage of the amniotic fluid. Women who have cardiac disease or a restrictive lung dis ease may also not be able to exercise (Sorace Paul, 2020, p.1).The popular exercise modes for pregnant women are walking, stationery cycling and swimming. Women should also use up to moderate weights. This should be done repeatedly to help maintain their muscle function. Women who were not initially participated in resistance training should also weight until postpartum to begin (Sorace Paul, 2020, p. 1). They should not be engaged in activities such as basketball and racquet sports. Such activities may cause excess strain the muscles and increase the risk to the baby. Therefore all such high impact activities should be avoided noting that the ligaments and joints become more lax and mobile during pregnancy (Sorace Paul, 2020, p. 1).During the second trimester, any back leaning should be avoided. At this stage the baby increase in weight faster and subsequently causing the increase in the mother’s weight. The third trimester is accompanied by alterations in the mother’s centre o f gravity and balance which requires that she limits her involvement in aerobic exercise. The recommended activities during this trimester are walking and swimming (Sorace Paul, 2020, p. 1). The mothers should also be weary of their exercise intensity. It increases blood flow to the muscles which could in turn decrease the blood flow the baby. This results into less oxygen available to the baby.Another area of the practical implication of this research is in the nutrition requirements. Sorace has noted that each mother exercising during pregnancy should take an additional of at least 300 calories per day (Sorace Paul, 2020, p. 1). This will ensure the mother has an additional energy required and the normal growth of the body. The food should be rich in carbohydrates and accompanied with much fluids before during and after the exercise.ConclusionFrom this study, excise is widely recommended amongst the doctors and the scholars. There are many benefits which come with excise during pr egnancy. Even previously inactive women can safely engage in exercise program after being cleared by a doctor. However, the women must learn to follow the recommended guidelines to ensure the effectiveness of the exercise in maintaining health and fitness while minimizing exercise risks.The level of exercise requirement differs with each trimester of pregnancy. The first stage when the child acquires the form is accompanied by fatigue and requires that one reduce the level of involvement in exercising. This differs with other trimesters. The success of exercise therefore depends on the knowledge level of the mother and thus need for doctor consultation.

The Socialism And Capitalism Of Society - 1686 Words

In this paper, we will look at both socialism and capitalism. These are both very broad topics so not every aspect of each will be covered. We will, though, try to achieve a basic understanding of both of the systems. We will see how they differ and how they are similar. The term socialism was brought onto the world scene in the 1830s. It was first used to describe the doctrines of Charles Fourier, Henri De Saint-Simon, and Robert Owen (Dagger).These men believed that society should be organized in a way, which the people do not work in a competitive environment, rather, they work for the common good and physical well-being of all. In this sort of utopian type society, everyone would be on the same level economically. There would be no†¦show more content†¦However, with all variations of socialism, there is no private ownership. The individual exists to serve and better the common good. The central power or the state is in control of all means of production and goods, and distributes them equally among the people based on their need. (â€Å"What†). According to Timothy Shenk, Socialism in its earliest stages, was a vision of its founders, like Henri de Saint-Simon and Charles Fourier, to be a new type of religion. They did not intend it to be a competitor to capitalism; they saw it as something bigger than that. They wanted something that could overtake Christianity to â€Å"liberate humanity from antiquated prejudices.† They did not see society as a â€Å"collection of individuals.† They believed that society was a single â€Å"organism† that had a logic of its own. They also believed that this organism was something that could be understood and controlled by means of having an understanding of social science (Shenk). Social science is the scientific study of human society and social relationships (â€Å"Definition†). Fourier, Saint-Simon, and others believed that they as socialist had the most comprehensive understanding of the human relation. They believed this comprehensive understanding gave the m the right to act on behalf of

Devastation of New World Ecosystems During the Age of...

The New World, in the minds and descriptions of European explorers and settlers during the sixteenth century, was comparable to a paradise on earth. The landscape was so vast and indescribably beautiful that even Columbus had trouble articulating its splendor. However, lacking a consciousness of conservation, Europeans felt little remorse in exploiting the land and subjugating its people. From the beginning Europeans set out to transform as much of the New World into the Old World as possible. As a result, the New World, over the course of two centuries, was overtaken by foreign plant and animal species, leveled by deforestation, and devastated by disease. This imposition of Old World values significantly impacted the ecology of the New†¦show more content†¦All of these crops, along with many other European food plants, were successfully cultivated in the New World. European food plants grew so well that Crosby states, All the seeds they had sown sprouted in three days and w ere ready to be eaten by the twenty-fifth day (67). Wheat, which was the primary dietary staple of Europeans, prospered especially well in the New World. Europeans cultivated and processed wheat in practically every New World settlement and within decades of the discovery of the New World, wheat not only prospered in North America, but was also successfully harvested in New Granada, Central America, and even as far south as Chile (Crosby 71). The ecological impact of European food plants on the New World is clouded by agricultural success. There is no doubt that from an agricultural standpoint European food plants were ecologically successful. This was primarily due to the fact that the plants grew so well in New World climates and soils. However, commonly ignored are the countless numbers of cultures, lifestyles, and habitats that were significantly altered to make way for the migration of European food plants. As European food plants continued to prosper, hundreds of acres of wooded areas surrounding European settlements were burned or leveled to provide adequate space for cultivation. As a result, many indigenous plant and animal species were forced from their natural habitats and niches that were crucial to theirShow MoreRelatedThe Age Of Exploration : John Winthrop1546 Words   |  7 Pages-9 26 May 2016 The Age of Exploration John Winthrop, first governor of Massachusetts Bay Colony: â€Å"Touching these savages, there is a thing I cannot omit to remark to you, it is that it appears visibly that God wishes that they yield their place to new peoples.† (Crosby, Alfred W.) The Age of Exploration, (and Exploitation) brought an era of racism, nationalism, and ideals of superiority to the New World. 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Market Reaction Paper Free Essays

On the busy streets of the Upper West side lies a two floor petit market named Citarella. Located on 75th street and Broadway, this amazing gourmet market allows buyers to have a great quality of food even though it may cost a little more money. Citarella welcomes guest into a neat and comfortable environment where customers and purchasers can shop for items in a relaxed, well-organized place. We will write a custom essay sample on Market Reaction Paper or any similar topic only for you Order Now All of the food appears fresh and high quality. As a first timer everything in the market seemed more upscale and elegant, which immediately made me realize this market was a great vendor. Citarella creates an atmosphere that makes buyers want to enjoy their food shopping at this market. Upon reaching 75th Street, I noticed the big orange â€Å"Citarella† sign on the corner. The window display had actual meat which already showed me how high quality and value their food was. It seemed very differently than my local markets around my neighborhood. I opened the door and the market was full of people . This must be a sign of a great market. The place was made of bricks, and all the walls were covered in different food displays of each individual food section. The fresh smell of vegetables an area of cooked food cultivated my nose right away. I started my analysis in the vegetables and fresh pasta section. They had various selection from ravioli, tortellini and many others. Across from me, I saw the lettuce at a price range of $1. 89 lbs. This was awkward for me seeing lettuce being purchased by its weight. I also noticed Citarella promotes their new product in every section using big yellow tags stating the product name, price and brand. That idea is great if you are an experimental buyer or chef that like to try new things in the kitchen. Afterwards, I worked my way to the seafood section and noticed all the different types of seafood in stock. I looked down and seen groups of live lobsters in three big tanks. For a small market, there was every product any person would need, from fat-free to organic products. Citarella carries various brands, including their own brand too. The meat department and fruit section were located on the first floor as well. All the meat looked healthy and all the fruits looked nice and ripped. As a gourmet market every section was well organized and established. The products seemed to be handled with best care to provide the best service possible. While looking around the market, a customer who spotted me writing on my pad asked, â€Å" If I was a critic? † I politely responded â€Å"No† then i asked. â€Å" What makes you shop at Citarella? † he replied â€Å"The quality of the food†. The second floor was the dairy, coffee section, and the bakery. I headed straight towards the bakery. I headed straight towards the bakery. I’m addicted to sweets and all the pastries available looked so good and well polished. I ordered myself a small individual size berries tart with vanilla Creme at a price of $1. 25. The pastry was delicious and for a small market, Citarella obtains a great bakery. Most markets won’t provide this extra selection, which adds extra advantages to this market. On my right I noticed a big coffee section. There were many coffee beans from various places. Having someone brew your coffee in person immediately appealed as as a great customer service to me. This market was just so welcoming. The experience in the market was great. I loved every aspect of it and entering Citarella open my mind to a different view of a market. I learned and seen so many different things I never realized while food shopping. The customer service was great and the atmosphere was full of tranquility. For a small gourmet market Citarella provides high quality value food at a price range that may be expensive to many but supply you with the best products. How to cite Market Reaction Paper, Papers

Metabical Positioning and Communications Strategy

Decision Making Process for Metabical Metabical is a prescription drug for controlling weight loss for overweight individuals, and a product of Cambridge Sciences Pharmaceuticals (CSP). CSP is a healthcare researcher that focuses on developing, manufacturing, and selling drugs that treat health disorders. Its drugs cure health disorders, which include immune deficiencies, metabolic, acute, and chronic disorders.Advertising We will write a custom case study sample on Metabical: Positioning and Communications Strategy specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Researchers found the drug to be effective for overweight persons bearing body mass index (BMI) of 25 to 30. It combined calosera, an appetite supplement compound with meditonan, fat blocking, and calorie absorbing agent. The combination enhanced weight loss for overweight individuals. In addition, the drug had optimal effects when used in low dosages, which have minimal negative effect s on the liver as opposed to other drugs. Additionally, researchers also introduced a different perspective of the drug, which allowed the users to use only a single pill daily. Just like other prescription drugs, metabical has negative side effects that patients felt after the consumption of high-level calories and fats. The drug was clinically tested and the results showed that the drug was effective with majority test participants achieving their goals for weight loss by twelve weeks. Tests revealed that persons with BMI of 25 to 30 lost at least twenty-six pounds after taking Metabical. Metabical was also effective in the modification of behavior and healthy eating habits. Test participants on Metabical dosage had a mean of less than 10 per cent of weight shedding in a period of three years. However, researchers found the drug to be less effective to individuals with BMI of above 30 since they lost low weight, and thus not recommended for that group. After the approval of its us e in over the counter, CSP embarked on pricing models in order to come up with the favorable price for Metabical. However, it estimated to have a retail price of approximately $3 to $5 per pill. In the United States, the majority in the population have overweight problems, which compelled the medical insurance plans not to cover the health rated problems to overweight risks. Hence, patients bought the drugs without the involvement of reimbursements from the medical insurance cover plans.Advertising Looking for case study on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More There were expectations that few prescriptions would cover the cost of Metabical, but Printup thought of launching a campaign to persuade health care insurance plans to include the cost of Metabical in the drug plans from review of the first six months performance of sales. CSP planned to launch Metabical in January 2009 after successive approval by the F ederal Drug Authority (FDA) of the United States. FDA approved Metabical as the first drug for overweight individuals. The researchers gave time for the development of reliable positioning strategy and associated marketing communication plans for the new drug. The overall marketing duties fell on the hands of Barbara Printup, the head of marketing department at CSP. CSP made various decisions on the development of Metabical. CSP also had planned to assist individuals who succeed in achieving the desired weight results to adopt healthy eating habits in order to keep the weight in check. CSP expected to carryout development of support program on which it could spend $200,000. In addition, it expected the cost of producing the program for year 1 to be at least $2 million but the estimated cost of the program was to be lower than 10% of the marketing budget for year 1. The program would include online referencing materials, which included; online weight-control tools, personal support, meal plans, and exercise plans. There was no trial testing for the decision of the support program before its implementation and therefore, studies had not measured its impact for further decision making. However, Printup, senior marketing director at CSP, was optimistic that the program would assist the Metabical users to attain and maintain their goals of weight loss. Yet, there was anxiety on how she was going to highlight the program within communications strategy. Consumer Segmentation By 2000, overweight population formed 34 per cent of the total population in the United States with adults being the most affected, and 4.5 per cent falling into the category of being severely obese. Studies on the vice showed that obesity of adults’ population increased with advancement in age for both men and women.Advertising We will write a custom case study sample on Metabical: Positioning and Communications Strategy specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The studies found highest incidences for each gender disparity to be ages between 65 and 74 for men, and 55 and 64 for women (Dewhirst and Davis 90). Secondly, studies on the vice also found low-level education to be a great factor that facilitates the increase in the cases of obesity. Population of people with less than the high school level education was greatly affected by the cases of obesity, but excess weight affected all demographic segments. However, health service providers were opportunistic about the prospect of Metabical, which could aid overweight individuals to shed off their weight and establish exercise habits and healthier eating habits. In addition, they said that it was a hard task of taking a pill everyday, but the support program was an excellent idea that would complement the idea of achieving obese free population (Weinstein 118). In 2007, Print commissioned a market survey of overweight individuals. Results showed interesting findings from the respondents who were overweight individuals. Nearly, 70 per cent of them indicated that they were not satisfied with their body weights. In addition, 35 per cent of the overweight population indicated that they were actively trying to lose excess body weights. In addition, 15 per cent of individuals in that segment indicated that they were comfortable using drugs for controlling body weights. Lastly, 12 per cent were desperately in need of an appointment with a health service provider for a prescription. Printup had the mandate to carryout market segmentation. In carrying out the market segmentation, she considered various factors, which included population age, level of education in a population, and the size of affected proportion in a population. Beginning with the population age, studies found that the majority of the affected individuals are adults of ages between 55 and 74 for both men and women. Therefore, this insight formed a market segment, which comprises of adults ne ar retirement age and old aged. Secondly, the level of education was a factor that determined the severity of overweight in a population. Hence, it is a crucial factor in the formation of market segment for the Metabical drugs.Advertising Looking for case study on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The task was to identify the market segments by considering the populations literacy levels. The studies showed that individuals with low-level of education, less than high school education, were the most affected by the severity of overweight cases. Thirdly, clinical tests found Metabical to be most effective for overweight individuals with BMI of between 25 and 30. Therefore, Printup could choose individuals with BMI of between 25 and 30 to be an effective market segment. In addition, this segment formed the only market for the Metabical and thus of crucial importance to CSP. Lastly, market segment can be determined by putting into consideration all the above factors, and their effects on the entire population. Low level of education in a population contributes to overweight due to ignorance on the effects of unhealthy eating habits. In addition, most people are unemployed and stand high chances of spending a lot of time eating due of idleness. Shockingly, unemployed population do es not afford the cost of buying organic foods and thus consume a lot of fast food, which is unhealthy. Position of Metabical in the Market Place Cambridge Sciences Pharmaceuticals (CSP) can easily identify the differential advantages of Metabical in the marketplace. It was the first overweight drug that the Federal Drugs Authority of the United States approved for use in the health sector, which was after successful clinical tests in which respondents responded positively by losing their weight. In addition, the majority of people in the entire overweight population were desperately in need of consulting health service providers for prescription. Therefore, metabical stood a high chance of selling well in the market by being a monopoly. In addition, Alli and other preexisting drugs failed to eliminate the overweight problems without harmful effects to patients and as a result, FDA eliminated them from the market (Dewhirst and Davis 90). In addition, Metabical has a chance of gettin g into the health assurance plan due to its effectiveness in reducing the risks of overweight to a victim. Successful incorporation of Metabical into the medical plans would help the researchers to get a large market share for there are no close substitutes in the market. Moreover, medics praised the drug for being a major breakthrough to a health disorder that has affected many people with no cure, which shows that metabical will find its way into health facilities as a recognized prescription unlike its predecessors. Communication Strategies The drug in question required an effective communication that would include every player in his or her making of decisions. The effective plan ought to focus on two parties for the drug, viz. the end of application use, who is the patient and the health care officer offering the prescription. In addition, the health care providers ought to be the one who supplement the metabical prescription with the recommendation of the right support program depending on the nature of the patient’s case (Carlton and Blaise 77). The drug was a major breakthrough for the CSP because it gave an opportunity for researchers to dominate in the overweight drug market. Therefore, the launching budget for the drug ought to be higher than the ones of the previous launches that the researchers have had in the past. However, there was going to be a close relationship between the budget for the Metabical and the most recent launched drug. Hence, the current budget was going to be a fine tune of the previously used budget with the major differences being in the costs of things that have changed due to inflation in the economy (Carlton and Blaise 82). In addition, in the generation of a market timeline, I planned to perform a comprehensive test of advertising and product promotion campaigns in the first year of the drug launch. The test would involve respondents who are conversant with marketing medical drugs for specific market segment. Their feedback would be a great milestone in the making of a comprehensive market budgeting plan for metabical and the support program for patients who are under the medication program. Advertising is the most important marketing strategy for a new product in the business. Medical drugs require a specific advertising strategy depending on the target customers. Metabical targets both the patient and the health care provider and thus direct-customer advertising strategy could be the best method of advertising for it would reach the targeted customers effectively. However, FDA had allowed the drug producers to use media and other channels for advertising drugs and thus television, online, and print media could be the best choice of advertising methods for the case of metabical. Over the first year of launch, the drug needed to have heavy advertising in order to achieve a comprehensive market sensitization within a short time frame. Therefore, I would recommend for the utilization of more th an two-thirds of the first year’s total marketing budget on direct–customer forms of advertising. This assertion holds because the main objective is to create awareness of the existence of metabical in the drug market and more so to the target market segments that CSP had identified earlier before the launching. The most effective form of direct-consumer form of adverting for metabical ought to have three most important initial concepts, which include sensitizing patients that weight loss is tough and thus it cannot be done by oneself. This move could help to win the willingness of patients to purchase the drug as assistance in achieving their weight loss goals (Quelch and Beckham 89). Secondly, the concept of encouraging patients to build desire for building physique that is attractive. This aspect could boost the persuasiveness of advertisements for the desire of many humans is to have attractive physique in their lifetime, and thus many patients would choose to buy the drug with physique attractiveness as their ultimate goal. Lastly is the creation of awareness of the most weight loss that a patient can achieve after taking the drugs. This stage is the most important part of the advertising that tends to create awareness of the targeted patients in the population. The message could read something like those extra twenty pounds could kill you. This statement implies that patients with more than twenty extra pounds depending on their BMIs would eliminate themselves from the market segment (Weinstein 67). In addition, it was crucial for the advertising strategy to target the medics. Therefore, a professional advertising method was necessary in order to reach the medics in health care centers and training institutions. The most effective form of advertising for the above goal was advertising in the academic and professional print media such as in the medical journals and reports. In addition, online advertisements were also crucial and could be ef fective when done on the websites of CSP, hospitals, health institutions of learning, and other health organizations. These forms of advertising could help in effectiveness of the aligned timeframe of advertising. One year is a short period for advertising and creating comprehensive awareness for a new drug in the market. Hence, it is necessary to carry out frequent evaluations of the effectiveness of the advertising strategies that were in use. I would recommend for the adjustments of the advertisement strategy intended for health care providers by touching on three important elements (Quelch and Beckham 89). They include sensitizing the medics, which is done by informing them that Metabical drug is effective and safe weight loss drug for patients, and hence an alternative to the previous prescriptions that were in use. Second, is emphasizing on the harmful effects of obesity and overweight disorders to the patients. The advertisement should touch on the effects such as diabetes, h eart diseases, and others that are fatal for the human life. Thirdly, informing them that the FDA has approved Metabical as the only effective and safe weight-loss-drug in the drug industry of the United States. In addition, it is crucial to inform them of the findings of the clinical tests whereby the drug was found to be most effective for patients with BMI of between 25 and 30. That information is essential for sensitizing them about the right patient for the prescription. The advertisements ought to inform them of the importance of the support program to the victims who were under the medication (Carlton and Blaise 114). Lastly, product promotions are very crucial for the promotions of new market products in the business. Therefore, metabical needed product promotion campaigns in order to boost its sales in the market. Product promotion is more effective than advertisements for the seller gets immediate feedback from the buyers. In addition, the seller is capable of reaching the target customers and directly informs them on crucial information about the product. However, product promotion does not have a wide coverage of the market when compared with other forms of advertisements, but it has more influence in the market than the other forms of marketing. It is also expensive and time consuming though it has significant long-term advantages for the product sales. I would recommend that product promotion and public relations for the metabical follow the launch, as they would help to emphasize information about the drug to the public. Within the first year of launch, the marketing department should keep on evaluating the effectiveness of the marketing strategies that the researchers are using. This move would help to ensure that the cost of marketing strategies does not exceed the estimated marketing budget without significant returns from the market. In addition, evaluation helps in early detection of problems, which otherwise would deter the achievement of the marketing goals and identification of their correction measures before it is too late. Hence, Printup, the researchers marketing director, ought to have a schedule of regular meetings with the executive of CSP within the first one year of the product launch. In those meetings, she would brief the executive about the sales performance with regard to the successively reached market segments, and tell the plans that are already in place for the unreached market segments. In addition, she would also give an assurance of whether the marketing budget will be enough to cater for all costs of her marketing strategy. Lastly, she would assure the executive that the aligned period is enough for the planned marketing strategies. Works Cited Carlton, Maria, and David Blaise. The power of promotional products: how to  motivate prospects, reward performance and create targeted promotions with residual value, New York: Maruki Books, 2007. Print Dewhirst, Timothy, and Brad Davis. â€Å"Brand Strategy and Integrated Marketing Communication (IMC): A Case Study of Player’s Cigarette Brand Marketing.† Journal of Advertising 34.4 (2005): 81-92. Print Quelch, John, and Heather Beckham. Metabical: positioning and communications  strategy for a new weight loss drug, New York: Harvard Business Publishing, 2009. Print. Weinstein, Art. Handbook of Market Segmentation: Strategic Targeting for Business  and Technology Firms, Washington D.C: Haworth Press, 2004. Print This case study on Metabical: Positioning and Communications Strategy was written and submitted by user Bright Hen to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. 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Predicting Formulas of Ionic Compounds Example Problem

Predicting Formulas of Ionic Compounds Example Problem This problem demonstrates how to predict the molecular formulas of ionic compounds. Problem Predict the formulas of the ionic compounds formed by the following elements: lithium and oxygen (Li and O)nickel and sulfur (Ni and S)bismuth and fluorine (Bi and F)magnesium and chlorine (Mg and Cl) Solution First, look at the locations of the elements on the periodic table. Atoms in the same column as each other (group) tend to exhibit similar characteristics, including the number of electrons the elements would need to gain or lose to resemble the nearest noble gas atom. To determine common ionic compounds formed by elements, keep the following in mind: Group I ions (alkali metals) have 1 charges.Group 2 ions (alkaline earth metals) have 2 charges.Group 6 ions (nonmetals) have -2 charges.Group 7 ions (halides) have -1 charges.There is no simple way to predict the charges of the transition metals. Look at a table listing charges (valences) for possible values. For introductory and general chemistry courses, the 1, 2, and 3 charges are most often used. When you write the formula for an ionic compound, remember that the positive ion is always listed first. Write down the information you have for the usual charges of the atoms and balance them to answer the problem. Lithium has a 1 charge and oxygen has a -2 charge, therefore2 Li ions are required to balance 1 O2- ion.Nickel  has a charge of 2 and sulfur has a -2 charge, therefore1 Ni 2 ion is required to balance 1 S2- ion.Bismuth has a 3 charge and Fluorine has a -1 charge, therefore1 Bi3 ion is required to balance 3 F- ions.Magnesium has a 2 charge and chlorine has a -1 charge, therefore1 Mg2 ion is required to balance 2 Cl- ions. Answer Li2ONiSBiF3MgCl2 The charges listed above for atoms within groups are the common charges, but you should be aware that the elements sometimes take on different charges. See the table of the valences of the elements for a list of the charges that the elements have been known to assume.

Topography, an ABA Term to Help Describe Behavior

Topography, an ABA Term to Help Describe Behavior Topography is a term used in applied behavior analysis (ABA) to describe behavior- specifically what behavior looks like. Topography defines behavior in an operational way, free of the coloration of values or expectation. By describing the topography of behavior, you avoid many of the problematic terms that find their way into definitions of behaviors. Disrespect, for example, is more often a reflection of the teachers reaction than the students intent. By contrast, the phrase refusing to comply with a direction would be a topographical description of the same behavior. The Importance of Topography Clearly defining the topography of behavior is especially important for creating appropriate interventions for children whose disabilities are in part defined by behavior, such as emotional and behavioral disabilities and autism spectrum disorders. Teachers and administrators without extensive experience or training in dealing with behavioral disabilities often overreact and create more problems by focusing on the social constructs surrounding misbehavior without observing the actual behavior. When they do so, these educators are focusing on the  function of a behavior  rather than its topography. The function of a behavior describes why the behavior occurs, or the purpose of the behavior; whereas, the topography of the behavior describes its form. Describing the topography of the behavior is much more objective- you are simply stating objectively what happened. The function of the behavior tends to be much more subjective- you are trying to explain why a student exhibited a certain behavior. Topography Versus Function Topography and function represent two very different ways of describing a behavior. For example, if a child throws a tantrum, to explain the topography of the behavior, it would not be enough for a teacher to simply say the child threw a tantrum. A topographical definition might state: The child threw herself on the floor, and kicked and screamed in a high-pitched voice. The child did not make physical contact with other individuals, furniture, or other items in the environment. The functional description, by contrast, would be open to interpretation: Lisa became angry, swung her arms and tried to strike other children and the teacher while screaming in that high-pitched voice she often uses. Each description could be defined as a tantrum, but the former contains only what the observer saw, whereas the latter includes interpretation. It is not possible to know, for example, that a child intended to injure others through a topographical description, but paired with an  antecedent, behavior, consequence (ABC)  observation, you may be able to determine the function of the behavior. It is often helpful to have several professionals observe the same behaviors and then provide both functional and topographical descriptions. By observing the antecedent- what happens immediately before the behavior occurred- and determining the function of the behavior as well as describing its topography, you gain additional insights into the behavior that you are observing. By combining these two methods- decribing the topography of a behavior and determining its function- educators and behavior specialists can help chose a replacement behavior and create an intervention, known as a  behavior intervention plan. Loaded Descriptions Versus Topography To truly understand how topography might describe a behavior, it can be helpful to look at loaded (emotionally tinged) descriptions of a given behavior versus topographical descriptions (objective observations).  Behavioral Learning Solutions  offers this method of comparing the two: Loaded Description Topography Sally got angry and started throwing items during circle time trying to hit others with the items. The student threw items or released items from her hand. Marcus is making progress and, when prompted, can say â€Å"buh† for bubbles. The student can make the vocal sound â€Å"buh† Karen, happy as always, waved goodbye to her teacher. The student waved or moved her hand from side to side. When asked by an assistant to put away the blocks, Joey got mad again and threw the blocks at the assistant trying to hit her. The student threw blocks on the floor. Guidelines for Topography of a Behavior When describing the topography of a behavior: Avoid value-laden descriptions, such as good, best, and bad.Describe as much of the behavior as you can in as objective a manner as possible.Ask another professional to observe the behavior and review the topographical description.Set aside time to observe the behavior more than once.   The topography of a behavior may also be referred to as the operational definition of behavior.

Discuss some of the social and ethical issues raised by living life Essay

Discuss some of the social and ethical issues raised by living life online, especially with regard to personal responsibility and individual rights - Essay Example Also part of the social responsibility of a person living life online is the users right to post pictures and videos of himself or most importantly, of others by tagging them. This is a tool that should not be used lightly as it could be used to harm the social reputation of other people in an instant. (Boyd, Why Youth (Heart) Social Networking Sites...†) It is this particular part of online life that has caused a wave of cyberbullying cases through the irresponsible use of social media profiles and photo tagging opportunities. Due to the egalitarian method by which people interact online, the activity should have promoted camaraderie and greater fairness. Instead, the social networking lifestyle has caused an even greater divide among the public users due to the anonymity of the service.Social networking or online life is not a place where one can expect to develop ethics and virtues such as honesty, openness, and patience. Characteristics which in the real world, help mold th e social consciousness and ethical responsibilty within a person. (Markula Center For Applied Ethics, â€Å"Unavoidable Ethical Questions About Social Networking). All of these instant gratification tools offered by social networking has reduced people and their online interaction to an avatar and a few strokes on the keyboard, thus producing a new generation of highly irresponsible and inconsiderate youth. This is because social networks allow them to act irresponsibly without having to fear repercussions socially because of the difficulty in proving such acts. Ethics is not a consideration because the networking sites do not make them responsible for their actions. It remains an unsupervised world where anything can happen. It is if you prefer to call it, the new wild west waiting to be tamed and brought to a new age of social and ethical

MGMT ESSAY Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

MGMT - Essay Example However, being a younger executive, having only 3.5 years of experience in an industry, it is not necessary that seniors in other positions may hear my words properly. I have to use my expertise well to derive respect from others and to use my power effectively. Nobody can challenge me if I prove my credentials in front of other senior executives. Attraction is another source of personal power. Others will definitely notice my charisma, behaviour and physical characteristics before accepting me as their leader. Even though my experiences are less, I should convince my fellow employees that my experiences were in a senior position and I am capable of handling any situations. Once I succeeded in proving my abilities, it would be easier for me to command the respect of my fellow employees. Situational leadership is implemented in majority of the organizations at present and I should implement it in my organization also. I should create an impression that my leadership styles are neither autocratic, nor democratic in nature, but a mixture of the two. In other words, I should respond to the problems based on the situations. Employees will always try to imitate their leaders. In other words, if the managers are passive, employees will also try to follow the same path. On the other hand, if the managers are active, employees will also try to become active as much as possible. In other words, I should try to become an active leader. When the leader shows more vigilance in organizational matters, employees cannot become idle. They should realise that the leader is watching their every movement. Under such circumstances, they will be forced to concentrate more on their responsibilities. Legitimacy increases acceptance. In other words, I should take more care while taking any decisions in my organization. My fellow employees should feel that my decisions are legitimate and it will guide the organization towards prosperity. I should specifically remind my managers

Analysis of Microfinance Lending and Credit Assessment Methodology

Analysis of Microfinance Lending and Credit Assessment Methodology Microfinance Institutions (MFIs) core activities are driven by a social mission through provision of full range of banking needs to poor people for productive purposes, thereby contributing to the developmentl objective of poverty reduction. MFIs products and services includes micro-credit, micro-savings, micro-insurance and also remittances. Microcredit program is providing financial capital to the poor household in order to engage them in income generating activities for alleviating poverty mostly to finance small businesses agricultural loans. Typically this type of lending is not secured by any collateral but granted based on the clients ability to generate the necessary financial means for repayment based on his or her business activities. Most of the terms and conditions for microcredit loans are flexible and easy to understand. However, there is no standard lending and credit assessment methodology employed by MFIs. We are motivated to explore and document this research gap. 1.2 The Innovation and Development of Microfinance Industry in Malaysia The provision of microcredit is nothing new in Malaysia. Poverty eradication programs involve provision of credit at subsidised rate to the poor has been around since 1970s after formation of the New Economic Policy (NEP) that was instituted in 1970. The earlier micro credit program was mainly carried out by credit unions, co-operatives, specialised credit institutions and NGOs. The provision of small financing designated mostly to finance micro enterprises, agriculture sector for poverty reduction and to improve income of the Bumiputera. The legislation for microfinance regulation in Malaysia includes, Moneylender Act 2002, Banking and Financial Institution Act 1989, Development Financial Institution Act 2002, and Cooperatives Societies Act 1993, (Zakiah, 2004). The Microfinance business models are based on mass market, cooperatives, monoline and distributor network (BNM, 2010). Majlis Amamah Rakyat (MARA), a council of trust to the Bumiputera and Credit Guarantee Corporation (CGC) are some of the pioneers to introduce micro credit to micro enterprises. The rural credit institutions comprising of Agriculture Bank of Malaysia (Agrobank), Farmers Organization Authority (LLP), Federal Land Development Authority (FELDA), Rubber Industry Smallholders Development Authority (RISDA) and other agro-based Co-operative Societies provide micro credit for the agriculture sectors. There are also a number of non-governmental organizations (NGOs) that engage in micro credit provision (Kasim and Jayasooria, 1993). These include Amanah Ikhtiar Malaysia (AIM), Yayasan Usaha Maju (YUM) and Sabah Credit Corporation (SCC) in Sabah, Koperasi Kredit Rakyat (KKR) in Selangor. Tabung Ekonomi Kumpulan Usaha Niaga (TEKUN) is a government agency micro credit provider. While, Malaysian Islamic Economic Development Foundation (YaPEIM), a cooperatives institution providing Islamic microcre dit program based on al-rahnu concept in Malaysia. Prior to 2003, Commercial banks involvement in microfinance program are just limited to extending lines of credit to AIM, and as a mediator for schemes such as the loan fund for hawkers and petty traders operated by the Credit Guarantee Corporation (CGC). In May 2003, the government launched a Micro Credit Scheme, particularly stimulating agricultural production activities as well as expanding small and medium enterprise activities. Two banking institutions namely Agrobank and Bank Simpanan Nasional (BSN), and AIM have been given the responsibility to carry out the scheme. The scheme is collateral free, and borrowers are eligible for a maximum loan of up to RM20,000 with interest rates charged at 4% per annum on reducing balance. The government acknowledged that development of the microfinance industry is crucial in promoting greater financial inclusion, given that almost 80 percent of the SMEs in Malaysia are micro enterprises (BNM, 2006). Thus, in August 2006, the National SME Development Council (NSDC) approved a comprehensive microfinance institutional framework proposed by BNM, comprising banking institutions, Development Finance Institutions (DFIs) and credit cooperatives to develop a sustainable microfinance industry. This commercially-driven microfinance industry will complement the existing Government-sponsored microfinance programmes. This is important to ensure that micro enterprises have adequate and continuous access to financing. Following this initiative, 10 local banks are now offering microfinance products providing a channel for micro enterprises to obtain financing from the formal financial systems. BSN was mandated to provide microfinance, while Bank Rakyat would provide microfinance to members of cooperatives and Agrobank would continue to provide microfinance to micro enterprises in the agriculture and agro-based sector. Banking institutions with their extensive nationwide network of branches would ensure wider outreach of microfinance. In addition, BNM proposed the establishment of the Malaysia Cooperative Societies Commission to strengthen the role of credit cooperatives in providing credit to micro enterprises. The new comprehensive microfinance indusry framework in Malaysia is as isllustrated in Table 1 below. Table 1: The Microfinance Institutions (MFIs) in Malaysia Non-Bank MFIs Bank MFIs Amanah Ikhtiar Malaysia (AIM) Yayasan Usaha Maju (YUM) Koperasi Kredit Rakyat (KKR) Kooperasi Kredit Pekerja (KKP) Partners in Enterprise Malaysia (PiEM) Tabung Ekonomi Kumpulan Usaha Niaga (TEKUN) Council of Trust to Bumiputera (MARA) Malaysian Building Society Berhad (MBSB) Sabah Credit Corporation (SCC) Agrobank Bhd (AgroBank) Bank Kerjasama Rakyat Bhd (Bank Rakyat) Bank Simpanan Nasional (BSN) Alliance Bank Bhd (Alliance Bank) AMBank Bhd (AM Bank) CIMB Bank Bhd (CIMB) EONCAP Islamic Bank Bhd (EON Bank) Public Bank Bhd (PBB) United Overseas Bank Bhd (UOB) Credit Guarantee Corporation Bhd (CGC) Source: adapted from Jasman et. al., (2010) These financial institutions have adopted different business models and strategies that leverage on the institutional strengths and niches to supports the credit needs of micro enterprises. A number of financial institutions have adopted a mass market model whereby the financial institution provides micro credit products through its existing branch network. Others, like Bank Rakyat, have adopted a cooperative model which provides microfi nance to its members. Some have employed the distributor network model, which leverages on the distributive capabilities of strategic business partners. Another is the monoline model with a dedicated microfinance operation, formed with its own distinct branding and processes designed to uniquely appeal to micro enterprises. Table 2 : Comparative Analysis of Non-Bank Microcredit Programs in Malaysia Category Non-Government Organization (NGOs) Government Agency Coopeatives Institution AIM YUM TEKUN MARA SCC YaPEIM Target Group Low income community Bumiputra micro entrepreneurs Bumiputra mincro entrepreneurs Agroculture based entrepreneurs Pretty traders Gold financing Programe Name Ikhtiar Microcredit General 1 2 and Group Fund Loan Tekun Microcredit Business Financing Community Loan Scheme Al-Rahnu Micro Credit Age Limit 18 years above Women 18 to 55 years 18 60 years 21 60 years Loan Amount Min : Nil Max : RM20,000 Min : RM100 Max : RM20,000 Min : Nil Max : RM50,000 Min : 1,000 Max : RM10,000 Min : 1,000 Max : RM10,000 Up to RM25,000 Loan Period 6 months to 3 years 6 months to 5 years 6 months to 5 years Up to 4 years Up to 3 years Processing Period 21 days N/a 35 days 11 days N/a Repayment Period Weekly Daily, Monthly Monthly Monthly Monthly Monthly Interest Rate / Charge 10%p.a 4% 11%p.a 5% 6%p.a 1.25%p.m 10%p.a 0.1% 0.75% Program Supports Insurance Business Training Business Training, Compulsory Deposits Business training Compulsory savings Advisory Business Matching loan scheme for group of 5 or 6 individuals. Source : UNDP(2008), and Respective Institutions websites. Note : No published data available for KKR, KKP and PiEM microfiance program details. Table 3 : Comparative Analysis of Banks Financial Institutions Microcredit Programs in Malaysia Category Banking Instititions (BIs) Development Financial Institutions (DFIs) Institution ABB AMBank CIMB EONCAPi PBB UOB CGC Agrobank BSN Bank Rakyat Program Name Personal Financing AmMikro Cash Express Personal Financing PB Micro Finance EasiCash DAGS Modal Usahawan 1 BSN Teman Niaga Mikro-i Target Group Micro enterprises Micro enterprises Micro enterprises Micro enterprises Micro enterprises Micro enterprises SMEs Micro enterprises Micro enterprises Micro enterprises Age Limit 25 60 years 18 60 years 21 60 years Retired civil servants 25 60 years 21 55 years 21 60 years 21 60 years 18 65 years Loan Amount RM2,000 RM50,000 RM3,000 RM50,000 RM3,000 RM50,000 RM5,000 RM50,000 RM3,000 RM50,000 RM5,000 RM50,000 RM50,000 RM3.0M RM1,000 RM50,000 RM5,000 RM50,000 RM1,000 RM50,000 Loan Period 6 months 5 years 1 5 years 6 months 5 years 3 15 years 1 5 years 2 5 years 3 months 5 years 1 5 years 1 months 5 years Processing Period 2 days 5 days 2 days 5 days 6 days 7 days 4 days 6 days 10 days Repayment Period Monthly Monthly Monthly Monthly Monthly Monthly Monthly Monthly Monthly Interest Rate / Charge 5.05%p.a 2.5%p.m 2% 3%p.m 2% 3%p.m 0.9%p.m 0.5% 3.5%p.a 4%p.a 4%p.a 4%p.a Source : Comparative table on microfinanc product features (BNM, 2010) and Respective Insritutions website 1.3 Problem Statements: Research issues in Microcredit Lending combines the science of obtaining and analysing the facts of a loan request and the art of making judgements about that information, the feasibility of the business, and the credibility of the borrower. Experienced lenders focus on the key business issues quickly, determine what information is needed, and then make prompt decisions based on that information. Developing sound credit judgement takes time and experience; development lending to small businesses by the book is difficult and rarely results in a quality loan portfolio. There is no formula for determining creditworthiness. The loan officer must assemble and evaluate information and then determine what the entire picture looks like. Traditional bank lenders refer to the Four Cs of lending: Credit, Capacity, Collateral, and Character. Development lending uses the same rigorous credit assessment principles, but applies them to situations in which the lender must rely on borrower character and cash flow from the business. The loan application and the first meeting with the borrower are the first screen of whether a business is a potential candidate for microcredit. Beginning with the first meeting, the lender must evaluate the quality of the business deal, the fit with the borrowers experience and capacity, and whether the financing amount and structure is appropriate. 1.4 Research Questions/Objectives The questions/objectives of this study are: RQ1: To investigate the microcredit lending methodology of commercial-driven and government funded MFIs RQ2: To investigate the credit assessment methodology of commercial-driven and government funded MFIs RQ3: Is there any different between lending and credit assessment methodology of commercial-driven and government funded MFIs? 1.5 Significance of this study This paper aim to understand, comparatively analyze and document the MFIs lending and credit application assessment methodology of both the commercial-driven and government-funded MFIs microcredit program. This study will contribute to enrich the existing literature related to microcredit and microenterprises financing with specific reference to Malaysia environment. 1.6 Limitations Survey involving only selected active MFIs based in west Malaysia. This paper only focused on microcredit lending and credit assessment methodology for micro enterprises only. 1.7 Organization of Report This paper is organized into four parts, after the introduction, part two contains the literature review related to microfinance lending and credit assessment methodology for micro enterprises. Part three describing data collection and analysis methodology and the last part contains concluding remarks and recommendations. LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 Review of Microfinance Delivery Methodologies (REFINE) The Review of Rural Finance Innovations in Asia-Pacific Region have identified and documented the microfinance methodologies used in Asia. These methodologies include: Grameen Bank; Association for Social Advancement (ASA); SHG Linkage Banking ; Unit Desas (Village Banks) of the Bank Rakyat Indonesia (BRI); and Mixed model and mixed method (Source:xxx) Grameen Bank model The Grameen model is the most popular and widely replicated model in Asia. It consistently achieves outreach both in depth and magnitude and high repayment rates (98 per cent). The early replicators as early as 1989 were India, Malaysia and the Philippines; others include China and Indonesia. The model focuses on: poor peoples access to credit, with women as a priority; small loans repaid in weekly instalments; eligibility for higher loan amount for succeeding loans; loans for income-generating activities; financing activities chosen by borrowers themselves; and forming solidarity groups. Over time, the replicators modified the model to suit local contexts. ASA model ASA is another model from Bangladesh. In the 1990s, ASA gained recognition for achieving a repayment rate of 99 per cent. In Asia, the model has been replicated in India, Indonesia and the Philippines. While loan products are the same as with the Grameen model, the difference is that it does not impose the group co-liability. The model also requires that the borrowers form groups of 25 to 30 members. The model uses a unique standardized branch approach which enables cost savings and efficiency in service delivery the branch has no need for additional personnel for cashier and accountant, enabling it to fully cover costs even after 9 to12 months. SHG Linkage Banking model The SHG Linkage Banking model is an outcome of the Regional Linkage Banking Programme which is an initiative supported by APRACA and Deutsche Gesellschaft fà ¼r Technische Zusammenarbeit (GTZ) in the early 1990s. Using this model, NABARD of India achieved the largest scale and outreach in the countries supported by this programme. The approach is linking SHGs with banking institutions for loan and deposit services. Most SHGs are formed by NGOs or government agencies with financial support from NABARD. One difference between this model and the Grameen and ASA models is that before obtaining their first loan, the members of SHGs are required to mobilize savings first. They usually start at a 1:1 or 2:1 loan- to-savings ratio, increasing to 4:1 in succeeding loan cycles. Bank loans are wholesaled to SHGs, which in turn lend to individual members following terms and policies set by the SHGs themselves. The SHG is the dominant microfinance methodology in India (Sinha, 2003). Unit Desas model Unit Desas are village banks of the Bank Rakyat Indonesia (BRI). The bank provides loans for any income-generating activity: from 3 to 24 months for working capital and 36 months for investment capital. The reported repayment rate is 99 per cent. Charging market interest rates enabled the unit banks to be profitable and operationally self-sustainable units. Mixed model and mixed method As a result of cross-dissemination of various methodologies and experimentation by microfinance institutions, there is an emerging trend of adopting a mixed model and a mixed method. The former combines features of two or more models under one approach. The latter uses different methodologies for different client segments. For example, in the Philippines, microfinance institutions use an approach called GraSa which identifies clients and forms groups using the Grameen model while removing the co-liability requirement, which is a feature of the ASA model. Overall, the common thread among the best practices is the shift from mere credit to providing broader and sustainable financial services. While there are variations, there is an increasing emphasis on attaining a sustainable fund base, cost recovery of invested funds and efficient and responsive financial services to rural clients. 2.2 Traditional Approach of Creditworthiness Assessment for Small Borrowers An important role of credit markets is to screen borrowers and allocate credit efficiently based on their creditworthiness. Traditionally, banks have played a dominant role in doing so. One of the reasons posited for this has been that banks have the financial expertise to effectively intermediate capital (Diamond, 1994). The theoretical and empirical literature has argued that banks do very little screening for small borrowers and rely excessively on collateral. In addition, recent theoretical literature has also highlighted that the screening role may be better performed by markets with many participants, as opposed to banks (Boot and Thakor, 1997). Alternative peer-to-peer credit markets have recently started gaining popularity in lending to smaller borrowers such as individuals and small firms, both in developed and developing economies (Rajkamal I., et. al., 2009) While prior research has provided substantial evidence of elevated default risk among lower-income, minority, and less creditworthy borrowers (see, for example, Avery et al., 1996, Deng, Quigley, and Van Order, 1996, Berkovec et al., 1998, Pennington-Cross and Nichols, 2000), recent studies also suggest offsets to those risks via the slower prepayment speeds of targeted borrower groups (see, for example, Kelly, 1995, Van Order and Zorn, 2002, Archer, Ling, and McGill, 2002). Table 1: Summary of Criteria considered important by Bankers in Assessing Small Business Borrower Loan Applications Assessment Criteria Author(s)/Year Country Owners Personal Charatcteristics Business Ability (Fertuck, 1982) Honesty (Fertuck, 1982) Trading Experience (Deakins Hussain, 1994; Fletcher, 1995) Managerial Experience (Jones, 1982; Memon, 1984) Credit History (Jones, 1982; Memon, 1984) Quality of Management (Rosli, 1995) Malaysia Leverage and Security Position Gearing (Deakins Hussain, 1994; Fletcher, 1995; Berry, Grant and Jarvis, 2001; Binks and Ennew, 1996) Collateral (Ulrich Arlow, 1981) Guarantee (Deakins Hussain, 1994; Fletcher, 1995) Risk of Default (Rosli, 1995) Malaysia Owners and Business Financials Initial Capial (Jones, 1982; Memon, 1984) Financial Strengths (Fertuck, 1982) Bank Lending Policies Bank Policy (Berger and Udell, 2002) Relationship (Berger and Udell, 2002) Summary Table 2: Negative Factors Resulting in Rejection of Small Business Loans Application Assessment Criteria Author(s)/Year Country Owners Personal Charatcteristics Lack of Competecnce (Buttner Rosen, 1992; Desmond, 1991) Lack of Management Skills (Buttner Rosen, 1992) Lack of Entrepreneurial Skills Experience (Buttner Rosen, 1992; Desmond, 1991) Owners and Business Financials Poor Cash Flows (Struck Glassman, 1983) Poor Earnings Records (Fertuck, 1982) Insufficient Turnover (Read, 1998) Poor Credit Ratings Leverage Positions Poor Collateral (Fertuck, 1982) Insufficient Owners Equity (Struck Glassman, 1983) Past Due in Credit (Struck Glassman, 1983) Excessive Loan Requests (Desmond, 1991) Gearing too high (Desmond, 1991) Business Plans Insufficient Market Research (Buttner Rosen, 1992) Incomplete Business Plans (Buttner Rosen, 1992) Other Factors Bad Timing (Buttner Rosen, 1992) Summary 2.3 Innovation in Small Business Lending: The Art and Science of Microcredit The history of microcredit program can be traced back since 18th century where Credit Coperatives and charities provided small entrepreneurs in Europe (Hollis et. al., 1998). According to Hollis et. Al., a notable microcredit program in europe includes a fund created by Jonathan Swift, a novelist and the Irish Reproductive Loan Fund Institution. In developing economies, it is argued that among others absence of access to credit is presumed to be the cause for the failure of the poor to come out of poverty. Meeting the gap between demand and supply of credit in the formal financial institutions frontier has been challenging (Von Pischke, 1991). In fact, the gap is not aroused merely because of shortage of loan-able fund to the poor rather it arise because it is costly for the formal financial institutions to lend to the poor. Lending to the poor involves high transaction cost and risks associated with information asymmetries and moral hazards (Stiglitz and Weiss, 1981). Nevertheless, in several developing economies governments have intervened, through introduction of microfinance institutions to minimize the gap then allow the poor access credits through provision of so called microcredit. Microcredit is defined simply as small-scale credit, most typically for less-advantaged individuals. In practice, microcredit is most frequently used to refer to credit provided specifically for the purpose of starting a small business and there is other microcredit products catering for other consumption needs of poor individual. The various forms of micro-credit systems have proven successful in delivering credit to the poor and ensuring high rate of repayment when compared to the formal channels. Because micro-credit systems have been effective in reaching the poor, many developing countries have set up special financial institutions that either directly provide credit to SHGs and the facilitating NGOs or help refinance commercial and cooperative banks that provide the credit. These national micro-finance institutions are in turn funded by international agencies as well as the national government (source xxxx) Microfinance Lending Methodology Micro-lending methodology in practice is appearently different to mainstream banking. The distinguish characteristics are as follows; (i) non traditional creditworthiness assessment criteria; (ii) non traditional collateral accepted; (iii) loan officers are not necessarily bankers; (iv) credit is provided along with business support services. Other distinguishing features between them are as tabulated below; Table 3: Comparison of Micro-finance and Formal Banking Lending to Micro Enterprises Characteristics Microfinance Formal Banking Size of loan Small/tiny size of credit Medium/large credit Duration of loan Short duration Medium and long Thrift Emphasis on thrift as well as loans Focus on loan only Screening and Monitoring Group formation and informal methods Formal Procedures Enforcement of Repayments Stepped or sequential loans, Peer pressure and weekly repayments Collateral and legal pressured for repayments Nature of Organization Social organizational form Commercial organization form Motivation Self-help motivated Profit motivated Outreach Access to poor without collateral (all members) Access limited Lending Method Cash-flows based lending Asset-based lending Analysis Field visits Desk Analysis Credit Administration Flexible and personalized Standardized Source: Adapted with midification fromxxx 2.3.2 Microfinance Loan Assessment and Credit Analysis Methodology An important function of credit markets is to screen borrowers and allocate credit efficiently based on borrowers creditworthiness (Iyer, et. al., 2009). The credit analysis is defined as a process of establishing the current creditworthiness of loan applicants and forecasting the trends in its development. Top priority goals and stages in the bank credit analysis are determined. (Feschijan, 2008). The analysis of the creditworthiness involves preliminary study of the factors and prerequisites which can affect adversely the duly repayment of the credit. When analyzing creditworthiness, along with the required prerequisites for creditworthiness it is necessary to carry out a comprehensive study of the factors that determine it. It is believed that creditworthiness depends on several major factors: the borrowers efficiency, his reputation, his capacity for profit making, the value of his assets, the state of the economic situation, his profitability, etc. In order to conduct a thorough study of the above mentioned, it is necessary to use a number of indicators for the credit analysis (Feschijan, 2008). Table 3: Empirical Evidence of Microcredit Repayment Determinants Determinant factors Author(s)/Year Country Regular monitoring, audits, high repayment frequency, having group savings deposits Deininger and Liu (2009) India Close monitoring and close relationshp with borrowers Roslan et. Al. (2007) Malaysia Threats of sanctions, borrower incur less transactions costs Bhatt and Tang (2002) USA Gender of the borrower, type of business activity, amount of loan, repayment period and trainning Rosalan and M. Zaini (2009) Malaysia Joint liability, dinamic and progressive lending, Peer monitoring, social ties and social connections, self-selection, income shocks, social sanction and cooperation, loan size, infrastructure and local economic environment, group rules and regulations, group size, age of the group, assistance offered by bank, gender, local culture, group homogeneity, role of group leader Bakshi (2008) N/a (literature review) Group gender decomposition (group with more females) Anthony and Horne (2003) USA RESEARCH METHODOLOGY Data Specification and Collection Method Target Respondents Target respondents will comprises of the following selected microfinance institutions (MFIs) which constitutes both the non-bank MFIs and bank-MFIs; Category Non-Bank MFIs Bank-MFIs Organization MARA YUM AIM TEKUN SCC BSN Agro Bank Bank Rakyat Target Respondents Credit Manager/Officer Credit Manager/Officer Credit Manager/Officer Credit Manager/Officer Credit Manager/Officer Credit Manager/Officer Credit Manager/Officer Credit Manager/Officer No. of Respondents 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 Total respondents = 320 A personally administrated survey was employed in this study. Target respondents were comprises of credit managers and officers of the above selected MFIs in west Malaysia. Questionnaire Design Table 3.1: The Structured Questionnaire Design Section Category Remarks Section A Respondent Profile This section is designed to cater information on respondents demographic profile. Section B Lending Methodology This section concentrates on profiling the lending methodology of MFIs Section C Credit Assessment This section is designed to explore microcredit assessment criteria employed by MFIs Data Analysis Methods Descriptive Statistics Analysis Descriptive statistics analysis used to explore the characteristics of the respondents. Factor Analysis Factor analysis use to analyse and determine the significant important factors for microlenders in analysing microenterprises loan applications. Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) ANOVA is used to established statistical significant of differences of lending and credit assessment methodologies between commercially-driven and government-funded MFIs. ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSIONS Descriptive Statistics Analysis Respondent demographic factors Factor Analysis RQ1: To investigate the microcredit lending methodology of commercial-driven and government funded MFIs RQ2: To investigate the credit assessment methodology of commercial-driven and government funded MFIs

Stress and Negativity in Our Human Minds

SPC Mattadeen, Judy Corine Ms. Alexa Fernandez Effective Essay Writing January 26, 2010 STRESS AND NEGATIVITY IN OUR HUMAN MINDS Introduction Eliminating stress and negativity is the most important factor in our human minds. In general it is so powerful we almost feel like we can’t cope with it. Finding ways to fight stress and negativity is crucial to not only handle the ways of life but to really live a happier and more meaningful life. Stress and negativity is not a new agenda or a phenomenon. It has been a huge experience in mankind throughout history. These feelings accumulate in our lives and in our soul over time. Although sometimes these experiences are unavoidable. There are ways that can be done to help go through the process of eliminating stress and negativity and feeding our human minds with a good and positive outlook in life. Having a positive mentality and eliminating the negativity of stress in ourselves is not going to just fall upon us. It’s really a choice we have to make. Being positive doesn’t necessarily come naturally. It’s our decision that we have to make daily. Is stress an enemy to us human beings? Of course it is because you deal with so much negative energy. That alone merges to different type of problems that we encounter in our daily lifestyle. Be at work or at home, thus this type of emotions is everywhere. Now it is up to us on how we handle the situation that can either make us or one way to break us. We make the choice. (Melinda Smith, M. A. , Ellen Jaffe-Gill, M. A, & Robert Segal M. A. 2008) (http://helpguide. org/mental/stress_management_relief_coping. htm) Stress and negative feelings The stress of always feeling bad can lead to deep depression and medical disorder. Our body and our mind are a continuum. In other words focusing too much on being angry, fear or having fear of failure is one of the contributing factor of self destruction and having such failure in achieving such goals that we human want in life. We can control all the stress and negativity we encounter by means of responding to new challenges by telling ourselves that we are capable of facing our fears and doing what is right. All this is a way of eliminating such negative thoughts and a turnaround of a positive spin. That is a good start of leading a better life. Visualization, this technique can be achieved by means of installing positive expectations and believe that we can do it. Therefore if we literally eliminate the old feelings and shadow it with the new and positive ways. We can achieve a good and healthy mind and soul. We are not meant to live a miserable and unfulfilled life. When we discover the path of visualizing what we really want to achieve in life. Then we can discover and start working in some realm associated with a positive attitude not negative and we all will thrive to the fullest of success. Critical thinking Whenever we tend to catch ourselves being critical or even having a negative thought in mind is very stressful. Thinking negative of another person, circumstances or anything that can lead a negative reaction is a challenge. Make it a priority also to keep your well pure. If somehow in some points you’re being or if somebody is being critical of you or trying to lead you in a bad light. Recognize that there is a stone coming your way. We don’t need to dwell on it, or get upset and vengeful. When these stages occur the best thing to do is pull ourselves back and have this inner question â€Å"Can I take up such challenge to control myself†? One way to look at our level in coping with these feelings is our human emotions. Our body alone is like a bucket of energy where we store pure energy alone. May it be negative or positive. We might want to declutter our world by human cleanse also. By means of letting your choice reflect your taste. Whether you let the stress and negative thoughts handle your life or fight the biggest fight. Motivation is one of the best key in life. Surrounding ourselves with positive individuals will help us move on to the right track. Keep pressing forward. The key to rising higher is to keep looking to where you want to go. Keep a positive vision and see yourself accomplishing your goals and fulfilling your destiny. Meditation Relax and take a deep breath. Always let in a positive spirit to avoid negative thoughts. Personal power, acceptance, and inner love will help restore our boundaries to normal settings. Maintaining all these positive factors are guides us in removing old baggage and replacing it with the good ones. Let in a higher power. The answer to this is simply having God in our hearts. Let our choice reflect our taste and by then when we have that higher power restored in our souls. We are on the right track. We all need to get in peace of who we really are. Dwell only on the positive, empowering thoughts towards ourselves. That’s when we realize that our faith is energized. Prayers are the best medicine in our everyday routine in life. Health and well being Maintaining a good and healthy balance mind and body will lead us to fight all the stress and unwanted negative that surrounds us in our daily lives. Exercise is also the best key. It releases such tension in due time and provides us with energy to handle anything that may come our way. One way also to eliminate stress and negativity is managing our time wisely. We must always find a way to have our own me time. Have a habit of writing everything down on paper on what to do, where to go, what else needs to be done or etc. is a good way of managing your time wisely. Handle important task first and eliminate unessential task. Exercise and eating right is also a good factor in eliminating stress and the entire negative that surrounds us. If we are fit, and nothing else is really seriously wrong in our lives, than we can probably manage a fair amount of frustration, delay, unfairness, misfortune in whatever form. Surrender and let in Instead of fighting and feeling negative about your thoughts that can lead to stress. Surrender to them and you will see that the negative feelings will quickly eliminate and lose its power over our human minds. When we are in a world of so much stress fight it by accepting it and try not to think too deep into it. Cause in some points there are stressors that are really not even meant to be paid attention too at all. We should always observe the feeling in our mind and body without labeling or either judging it by all means. Self confidence is also one of the best tools for us to use to reach our goals and be happy in life. There is always room for improvement with our inner feelings to avoid accumulating stress by means of having faith in everything we do and encounter. Be realistic about life alone. Set realistic goals. Ask yourself questions before we even execute. Think positive thoughts. Know what you want and do what is right. Nobody can hold you down if you believe. For God alone does not focus on what’s wrong with us. He’s not looking at all our faults and weaknesses. He’s looking at how far we’ve come along and how much we’re growing as a person. So we all need to focus on what’s right for us. (Henrik Edberg 2006-2010) Final thoughts Life alone is a major challenge. Everywhere we go we may encounter the good and the bad. Whether you may take the chance of absorbing the negative and deal with it or fight the toughest fight in dealing with stress alone. We all make those choices. Eliminating stress and negativity can be achieved by thinking positive. It’s time to unburden ourselves by receiving progress, initiative, inner peace, love, setting goal, prayers, and motivation. My personal experience in life alone dealing with stress and so much negative alone is challenging. There are times where in I just can’t handle the situation that I’m in yet I pushed myself for the better by pressing forward, surrounding myself with positive people, and learn how to deal with stress by means of how to handle my emotions. This is one of the most significant aspects in coping. Overall by reading every word in this essay is a step in what are the ways in dealing with everyday stress and negativity in general. It is also a guide in improving our everyday life. We can make the most of any experience or challenges that we go through by committing ourselves in change and grow. Expressing ourselves freely, fully and honestly is not going to lessen us the benefits of creating a positive meaning in life. Remember when our life or your life is full of rocks; don’t forget to throw bread back in return. Reference: How to reduce, prevent, and cope with stress (Melinda Smith, M. A. , Ellen Jaffe-Gill, M. A, & Robert Segal, M. A. 2008) http://helpguide. org/mental/stress_management_relief_coping. htm

Introduction To Motivation Theory And Its Influence On...

Brief introduction to motivation theory and its influence on marketing INTRODUCTION Marketing occupies a very important part in the development of the company. â€Å"Marketing is the process of planning and executing the conception, pricing, promotion and distribution of ideas, goods, and services to create an exchange and satisfy individual and organizational objectives.†( American Marketing Association 2004) But how marketers know why consumers do what they do and what product they need? Having a good understanding of motivation theory is a useful way for marketers to close to people. Motivation refers to the processes that cause people to behave as they do. From a psychological perspective, motivation occurs when a need is aroused that the consumer wishes to satisfy.Once a need has been activated, a state of tension exists that drives the consumer to attempt to reduce or eliminate the need. By understanding it, grasping the rules of consumers, so as to apply to the marketing, improving product sales and brand recognition. Main body Marketing is the management process which identifies, anticipates, and supplies customer requirements efficiently and profitably.( UK Chartered Institute of Marketing) The basic marketing concept states that firms exist to satisfy needs. Marketers can only satisfy these needs to the extent that they understand the people or organizations who will use the products and services they are trying to sell.(Michael,2013,p7)Thus, the law ofShow MoreRelatedBusiness Environment Past Papers1115 Words   |  5 PagesUnit Title: Introduction to Business Guided Learning Hours: 100 Level: Level 4 Number of Credits: 12 Learning Outcome 1 The learner will: Understand the objectives of a business, what resources they need and to whom they are accountable. 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